Home > Library > Species Spotlight > Aquatic > Freshwater Aquarium > Freshwater Fish > Cichlid Family > Discus (Symphysodon spp.)
Scientific Name: Symphysodon spp.
Common Names: Discus Fish
Temperament: Peaceful
Care Level: Intermediate to Advanced
Origin: Amazon River basin in South America
Found in Wild: Yes
Life Span: 8 - 15 years
Gestation Period: A few days for hatching
Species Overview and Background:
The Discus (Symphysodon spp.) is a captivating and prized freshwater fish species that hails from the Amazon River basin in South America. These beautifully adorned fish have been known and appreciated by indigenous people for centuries due to their vibrant colors and unique body shapes. The scientific community, however, only formally discovered and described them in the mid-19th century. Wilhelm de Boden-Kloss and Rudolf Károlyi were the first to document the species in the early 20th century, helping to bring them to the attention of aquarium hobbyists.
The Discus is not a crossbreed of other species; rather, it is a distinct genus within the cichlid family (Cichlidae). The first instances of captive Discus breeding are attributed to Dr. Eduard Schmidt-Focke, who bred them in captivity in the 1930s. Despite their discovery and initial breeding, Discus did not gain significant popularity in the aquarium hobby until the latter half of the 20th century.
These fish are celebrated for their remarkable coloration, which resembles a painter's palette, and their disk-like body shape that gives them their name. The Discus's intricate patterns, ranging from bold reds to vibrant blues, coupled with their graceful movement, make them highly sought-after among aquarists and collectors. While not as common as some other aquarium fish, they have become quite famous due to their stunning appearance and unique behaviors.
General Water Parameters:
pH Range: 6.0 - 7.5
Temperature Range: 27°C - 32°C (80°F - 89°F)
GH Range: 1 - 8 dGH
KH Range: 1 - 4 dKH
TDS Range: 50 - 200 ppm
Color & Appearance:
Discus fish are renowned for their round, flat bodies and vibrant coloration. They exhibit a wide range of colors and patterns, from solid reds, blues, and yellows to intricate marbling and stripes. Their dorsal and anal fins are elongated, adding to their elegant appearance.
Care and Requirements:
Discus are considered moderately demanding in terms of care due to their specific water parameters and dietary needs. They require stable and clean water conditions to thrive. While they are more sensitive than some other fish species, they are not overly fragile when provided with suitable conditions. They are not particularly hardy and can be susceptible to stress-induced illnesses if water conditions are not properly maintained. These fish are diurnal, meaning they are active during the day, and they spend their time swimming around the middle and bottom regions of the aquarium. While they do not hide constantly, they may retreat to hiding spots if they feel stressed or threatened.
Diet:
Discus fish are omnivorous, feeding on a mix of both animal and plant-based foods in the wild. In captivity, a varied diet is essential for their health and vibrancy. High-quality flake and pellet foods formulated for Discus can serve as their staple diet. Additionally, supplementing their diet with live or frozen foods like bloodworms, brine shrimp, and daphnia enhances their coloration and overall health. Discus are known for their unique feeding behavior called "pecking." During this behavior, they repeatedly peck at a specific area, often the substrate, to find small organisms and microorganisms to feed on. This behavior mimics their natural feeding habits in the wild, where they graze for food.
Tank Mates:
When selecting tank mates for Discus fish, it's important to choose species that share similar water parameter requirements and temperaments. Generally, peaceful and non-aggressive fish that prefer similar warm and soft water conditions can make suitable tank mates. Tetras, corydoras catfish, dwarf cichlids, and peaceful bottom-dwelling fish are good choices. Avoid aggressive or fin-nipping species that might stress the Discus.
Sexing:
Sexing Discus can be challenging, especially when they are young. As they mature, adult males tend to have a more streamlined body shape, while females develop a fuller body, particularly during breeding. Males may also exhibit more pointed dorsal and anal fins.
Breeding:
Breeding Discus in captivity can be both rewarding and complex. To encourage breeding, provide them with excellent water quality, optimal nutrition, and a suitable breeding environment. Breeding pairs will often select a flat surface, such as a broad leaf or vertical surface, to lay their eggs. Discus are known to be dedicated parents, with both parents guarding the eggs and later the fry. Fry hatch after a few days and are initially cared for by consuming the mucus secreted by their parents.
Additional Considerations:
- Tank Size: Discus fish require a spacious aquarium to accommodate their swimming habits. A tank size of 50 gallons or more is recommended for a group of Discus.
- Filtration: Strong filtration is essential to maintain clean water conditions. Use a filter that doesn't create excessive water flow, as Discus prefer calmer waters.
- Water Changes: Regular water changes are vital to maintaining stable water parameters. Aim for partial water changes of 20-30% weekly.
- Quarantine: Quarantine new fish before introducing them to the main tank to prevent the spread of diseases.
- Acclimation: When introducing new Discus to the tank, ensure a gradual acclimation process to prevent shock due to temperature and water parameter differences.
- Planted Aquarium: Live plants can provide hiding spots and help create a natural environment. However, be mindful of the plants' care requirements and the Discus' need for open swimming space.
- Stress Reduction: Minimize sudden movements, loud noises, and other stressors near the aquarium, as Discus are sensitive to changes in their environment.
In conclusion, Discus fish are undoubtedly one of the most captivating and prized species in the aquarium hobby. Their vibrant colors, unique body shape, and engaging behaviors make them a favorite among enthusiasts willing to provide the care and attention they require. While they demand specific water conditions and dietary needs, the effort put into their care is well worth the stunning and dynamic display they offer in a well-maintained aquarium.